Summary
The global Risedronate Market is expected to witness a CAGR of xx% over the forecast period 2020-2026 and is expected to reach US$ xx million in 2026, from US$ xx million in 2019.
The Risedronate Market report highlights product development and growth strategies such as merger and acquisition adopted by market players along with SWOT Analysis, PEST and Porter’s Five Forces analyses of the Risedronate Market, which highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and commination of key companies. Moreover, the report offers two distinct market forecasts, one from the perspective of the producer and another from that of the consumer.
The various contributors involved in the value chain of the product include manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, intermediaries, and customers.
The Key Manufacturers covered in this Report:-
- Merck
- Amgen
- Teva
- Mylan
- Apotex
- Sanofi
- Abbott
- Novartis
- Tecoland
- Taj Pharmaceuticals
By the Product Type, the market is primarily segmented into:
- 5 mg Tablets
- 35 mg Tablets
- 75 mg Tablets
- 150 mg Tablets
By Applications, the market is segmented into:
- Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
- Men with Osteoporosis
The Report covers the following Regions:
- North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- India
- Australia
- Indonesia
- Thailand
- Malaysia
- Philippines
- Vietnam
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- UK
- Italy
- Russia
- Central & South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- GCC Countries
- Egypt
- South Africa
Objective of the Risedronate Market Report:
- To assess the size of the market by value and volume
- Analyze the Risedronate Market in terms of regions and major countries
- Highlight recent developments and trends in the market
- Offer perceptive data regarding major market players in terms of key developments, strategies, and product portfolio
- Determine share of the Risedronate Market in terms of various segments such as by product type, application, and end-user
- Offer accurate projection of the market for the forecast period using state-of –the-art tools and the current primary and secondary research approaches
- Discuss major factors that impact growth of the Risedronate Market
The Risedronate Market engages the readers with all pivotal approaches to understand their position in the industry based on revenue or sales growth. The report efficiently evaluates the Risedronate Market from various dimensions to deliver an end-product that is informative, elaborate, and accurate and includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competition in the market. The information in the report is backed by annual company reports, financial reports, press releases, regulatory databases, government documents, and statistical databases.
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2019 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders:
- Material suppliers/wholesalers
- Market Distributors/traders
- Regulatory bodies
- Research organizations, and consulting firms
- Commercial research & developments (R&D)
- Trade associations and industry bodies
- Importers and exporters
- End-use industries
Available Customizations:
Custom research is one of the most crucial components of the business strategy that helps an organization gain insight into specific business sector, aligned with its specific area of interest. Thus, SMI offers more accurate, pragmatic, and actionable information specifically tailored to suit your business needs.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Risedronate Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Risedronate
1.2 Risedronate Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Risedronate Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2014-2025)
1.2.2 5 mg Tablets
1.2.3 35 mg Tablets
1.2.4 75 mg Tablets
1.2.5 150 mg Tablets
1.3 Risedronate Segment by Application
1.3.1 Risedronate Consumption Comparison by Application (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
1.3.3 Men with Osteoporosis
1.4 Global Risedronate Market by Region
1.4.1 Global Risedronate Market Size Region
1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.5 Global Risedronate Market Size
1.5.1 Global Risedronate Revenue (2014-2025)
1.5.2 Global Risedronate Production (2014-2025)
2 Global Risedronate Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.2 Global Risedronate Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.3 Global Risedronate Average Price by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.4 Manufacturers Risedronate Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.5 Risedronate Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Risedronate Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 Risedronate Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Regions
3.1 Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Regions
3.2 Global Risedronate Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
3.3 Global Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.4 North America Risedronate Production
3.4.1 North America Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.4.2 North America Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.5 Europe Risedronate Production
3.5.1 Europe Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.5.2 Europe Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.6 China Risedronate Production
3.6.1 China Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.6.2 China Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.7 Japan Risedronate Production
3.7.1 Japan Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.7.2 Japan Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
4 Global Risedronate Consumption by Regions
4.1 Global Risedronate Consumption by Regions
4.2 North America Risedronate Consumption (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe Risedronate Consumption (2014-2019)
4.4 China Risedronate Consumption (2014-2019)
4.5 Japan Risedronate Consumption (2014-2019)
5 Global Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.2 Global Risedronate Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.3 Global Risedronate Price by Type (2014-2019)
5.4 Global Risedronate Production Growth by Type (2014-2019)
6 Global Risedronate Market Analysis by Applications
6.1 Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
6.2 Global Risedronate Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Risedronate Business
7.1 Merck
7.1.1 Merck Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.1.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.1.3 Merck Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.2 Amgen
7.2.1 Amgen Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.2.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.2.3 Amgen Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.3 Teva
7.3.1 Teva Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.3.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.3.3 Teva Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.4 Mylan
7.4.1 Mylan Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.4.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.4.3 Mylan Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.5 Apotex
7.5.1 Apotex Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.5.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.5.3 Apotex Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.6 Sanofi
7.6.1 Sanofi Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.6.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.6.3 Sanofi Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.7 Abbott
7.7.1 Abbott Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.7.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.7.3 Abbott Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.8 Novartis
7.8.1 Novartis Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.8.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.8.3 Novartis Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.9 Tecoland
7.9.1 Tecoland Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.9.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.9.3 Tecoland Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.10 Taj Pharmaceuticals
7.10.1 Taj Pharmaceuticals Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
7.10.2 Risedronate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.10.3 Taj Pharmaceuticals Risedronate Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8 Risedronate Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Risedronate Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Risedronate
8.4 Risedronate Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.2 Risedronate Distributors List
9.3 Risedronate Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Trends
10.2 Opportunities
10.3 Market Drivers
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Influence Factors
11 Global Risedronate Market Forecast
11.1 Global Risedronate Production, Revenue Forecast
11.1.1 Global Risedronate Production Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.2 Global Risedronate Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.3 Global Risedronate Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2 Global Risedronate Production Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.2.1 North America Risedronate Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.2 Europe Risedronate Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.3 China Risedronate Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.4 Japan Risedronate Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3 Global Risedronate Consumption Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.3.1 North America Risedronate Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.2 Europe Risedronate Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.3 China Risedronate Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.4 Japan Risedronate Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.4 Global Risedronate Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
11.5 Global Risedronate Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Table
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Risedronate
Table Global Risedronate Production (MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure 5 mg Tablets Product Picture
Table 5 mg Tablets Major Manufacturers
Figure 35 mg Tablets Product Picture
Table 35 mg Tablets Major Manufacturers
Figure 75 mg Tablets Product Picture
Table 75 mg Tablets Major Manufacturers
Figure 150 mg Tablets Product Picture
Table 150 mg Tablets Major Manufacturers
Table Global Risedronate Consumption (MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Figure Men with Osteoporosis
Table Risedronate Market Size (Million US$) Comparison by Regions (2014-2025)
Figure North America Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Production (MT) (2014-2025)
Table Global Risedronate Production (MT) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Risedronate Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Market Risedronate Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Market Risedronate Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Manufacturers in 2018
Table Manufacturers Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Manufacturers Risedronate Product Types
Figure Risedronate Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Figure Risedronate Market Share of Top 10 Manufacturers
Table Global Risedronate Production (MT) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Production Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure Global Risedronate Production (MT) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure North America Risedronate Production (MT) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North America Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Risedronate Production (MT) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Europe Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure China Risedronate Production (MT) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table China Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Japan Risedronate Production (MT) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Consumption (MT) Market by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure North America Risedronate Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MT)
Figure Europe Risedronate Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MT)
Figure China Risedronate Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MT)
Figure Japan Risedronate Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Global Risedronate Production (MT) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Risedronate by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Risedronate by Type in 2018
Table Global Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Share of Risedronate by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Risedronate by Type in 2018
Table Global Risedronate Price (USD/Kg) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Production Growth by Type (2014-2019) (MT)
Table Global Risedronate Consumption (MT) by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Applications (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Table Global Risedronate Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Table Merck Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Merck Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Merck Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Merck Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Merck Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Merck Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Merck Main Business and Markets Served
Table Amgen Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Amgen Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Amgen Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Amgen Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Amgen Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Amgen Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Amgen Main Business and Markets Served
Table Teva Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Teva Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Teva Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Teva Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Teva Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Teva Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Teva Main Business and Markets Served
Table Mylan Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mylan Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Mylan Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Mylan Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Mylan Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Mylan Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Mylan Main Business and Markets Served
Table Apotex Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Apotex Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Apotex Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Apotex Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Apotex Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Apotex Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Apotex Main Business and Markets Served
Table Sanofi Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sanofi Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Sanofi Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Sanofi Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Sanofi Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Sanofi Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Sanofi Main Business and Markets Served
Table Abbott Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Abbott Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Abbott Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Abbott Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Abbott Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Abbott Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Abbott Main Business and Markets Served
Table Novartis Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Novartis Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Novartis Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Novartis Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Novartis Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Novartis Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Novartis Main Business and Markets Served
Table Tecoland Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Tecoland Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Tecoland Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Tecoland Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Tecoland Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Tecoland Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Tecoland Main Business and Markets Served
Table Taj Pharmaceuticals Risedronate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Taj Pharmaceuticals Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Taj Pharmaceuticals Risedronate Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Taj Pharmaceuticals Risedronate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Taj Pharmaceuticals Risedronate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Taj Pharmaceuticals Risedronate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Taj Pharmaceuticals Main Business and Markets Served
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Risedronate
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Risedronate
Figure Risedronate Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Risedronate Distributors List
Table Risedronate Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Figure Global Risedronate Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Risedronate Production (MT) Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure North America Risedronate Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure North America Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Risedronate Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Risedronate Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Risedronate Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Risedronate Consumption (MT) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure North America Risedronate Consumption (MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Risedronate Consumption (MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Risedronate Consumption (MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Risedronate Consumption (MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Risedronate Production (MT) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Production (MT) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Risedronate Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Risedronate Price (USD/Kg) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Risedronate Consumption (MT) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Risedronate Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources