Summary
The global automobile glass market is expected to witness a CAGR of xx% over the forecast period 2020-2026 and is expected to reach US$ xx million in 2026, from US$ xx million in 2019.
The automobile glass market report highlights product development and growth strategies such as merger and acquisition adopted by market players along with SWOT Analysis, PEST and Porter’s Five Forces analyses of the automobile glass market, which highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and commination of key companies. Moreover, the report offers two distinct market forecasts, one from the perspective of the producer and another from that of the consumer.
The various contributors involved in the value chain of the product include manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, intermediaries, and customers.
The Key Manufacturers covered in this Report:-
- NSG
- AGC
- SAINT-GOBAIN
- Guardian Industries
- PGW
- Asahi Glass
- FUYAO
- XINYI Glass
- Shanghai Yaohua
- Pilkington
- Shanxi Lihu Glass
- Guangzhou Dongxu
- BSG Auto Glass
- Taiwan Glass
- Compagnie De Saint Gobain
- Nippon Sheet Glass
- Pittsburgh Glass Works
By the Product Type, the market is primarily segmented into:
- Tempered Glass
- Laminated Glass
- Other
By Applications, the market is segmented into:
- Passenger Car
- Commercial Vehicle
The Report covers the following Regions:
- North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- India
- Australia
- Indonesia
- Thailand
- Malaysia
- Philippines
- Vietnam
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- UK
- Italy
- Russia
- Central & South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- GCC Countries
- Egypt
- South Africa
Objective of the automobile glass market Report:
- To assess the size of the market by value and volume
- Analyze the automobile glass market in terms of regions and major countries
- Highlight recent developments and trends in the market
- Offer perceptive data regarding major market players in terms of key developments, strategies, and product portfolio
- Determine share of the automobile glass market in terms of various segments such as by product type, application, and end-user
- Offer accurate projection of the market for the forecast period using state-of –the-art tools and the current primary and secondary research approaches
- Discuss major factors that impact growth of the automobile glass market
The automobile glass market engages the readers with all pivotal approaches to understand their position in the industry based on revenue or sales growth. The report efficiently evaluates the automobile glass market from various dimensions to deliver an end-product that is informative, elaborate, and accurate and includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competition in the market. The information in the report is backed by annual company reports, financial reports, press releases, regulatory databases, government documents, and statistical databases.
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2019 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders:
- Material suppliers/wholesalers
- Market Distributors/traders
- Regulatory bodies
- Research organizations, and consulting firms
- Commercial research & developments (R&D)
- Trade associations and industry bodies
- Importers and exporters
- End-use industries
Available Customizations:
Custom research is one of the most crucial components of the business strategy that helps an organization gain insight into specific business sector, aligned with its specific area of interest. Thus, SMI offers more accurate, pragmatic, and actionable information specifically tailored to suit your business needs.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Automobile Glass
1.1 Definition of Automobile Glass
1.2 Automobile Glass Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Tempered Glass
1.2.3 Laminated Glass
1.2.4 Other
1.3 Automobile Glass Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Automobile Glass Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Passenger Car
1.3.3 Commercial Vehicle
1.4 Global Automobile Glass Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Automobile Glass Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Automobile Glass Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Automobile Glass Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Automobile Glass Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Automobile Glass Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Automobile Glass Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Automobile Glass Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automobile Glass
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automobile Glass
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Automobile Glass
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Automobile Glass
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Automobile Glass Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Automobile Glass
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Automobile Glass Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Automobile Glass Revenue Analysis
4.3 Automobile Glass Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Automobile Glass Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Automobile Glass Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Automobile Glass Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Automobile Glass Revenue by Regions
5.2 Automobile Glass Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Automobile Glass Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Automobile Glass Production
5.3.2 North America Automobile Glass Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Automobile Glass Import and Export
5.4 Europe Automobile Glass Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Automobile Glass Production
5.4.2 Europe Automobile Glass Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Automobile Glass Import and Export
5.5 China Automobile Glass Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Automobile Glass Production
5.5.2 China Automobile Glass Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Automobile Glass Import and Export
5.6 Japan Automobile Glass Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Automobile Glass Production
5.6.2 Japan Automobile Glass Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Automobile Glass Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Import and Export
5.8 India Automobile Glass Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Automobile Glass Production
5.8.2 India Automobile Glass Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Automobile Glass Import and Export
6 Automobile Glass Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Automobile Glass Production by Type
6.2 Global Automobile Glass Revenue by Type
6.3 Automobile Glass Price by Type
7 Automobile Glass Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Automobile Glass Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Automobile Glass Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Automobile Glass Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 NSG
8.1.1 NSG Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 NSG Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 NSG Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 AGC
8.2.1 AGC Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 AGC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 AGC Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 SAINT-GOBAIN
8.3.1 SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 SAINT-GOBAIN Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Guardian Industries
8.4.1 Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Guardian Industries Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 PGW
8.5.1 PGW Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 PGW Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 PGW Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Asahi Glass
8.6.1 Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Asahi Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 FUYAO
8.7.1 FUYAO Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 FUYAO Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 FUYAO Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 XINYI Glass
8.8.1 XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 XINYI Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Shanghai Yaohua
8.9.1 Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Shanghai Yaohua Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Pilkington
8.10.1 Pilkington Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Pilkington Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Pilkington Automobile Glass Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Shanxi Lihu Glass
8.12 Guangzhou Dongxu
8.13 BSG Auto Glass
8.14 Taiwan Glass
8.15 Compagnie De Saint Gobain
8.16 Nippon Sheet Glass
8.17 Pittsburgh Glass Works
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Automobile Glass Market
9.1 Global Automobile Glass Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Automobile Glass Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Automobile Glass Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Automobile Glass Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Automobile Glass Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Automobile Glass Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Automobile Glass Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Automobile Glass Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Automobile Glass Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Automobile Glass Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Automobile Glass Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Table
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Automobile Glass
Table Global Automobile Glass Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automobile Glass Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Tempered Glass Product Picture
Figure Laminated Glass Product Picture
Figure Other Product Picture
Table Global Automobile Glass Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automobile Glass Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Passenger Car
Figure Commercial Vehicle
Figure Global Automobile Glass Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automobile Glass Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Automobile Glass Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Automobile Glass Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Automobile Glass Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Automobile Glass Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Automobile Glass Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Automobile Glass Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automobile Glass in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automobile Glass
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Automobile Glass
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Automobile Glass Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Automobile Glass Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Automobile Glass Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automobile Glass Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automobile Glass Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Automobile Glass Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Automobile Glass Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Automobile Glass Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Automobile Glass Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Automobile Glass Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Automobile Glass Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Automobile Glass Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Automobile Glass Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Automobile Glass Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Automobile Glass Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Automobile Glass Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Automobile Glass Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Automobile Glass Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Automobile Glass Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Automobile Glass Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Automobile Glass Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Automobile Glass Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table NSG Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table NSG Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table NSG Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table NSG Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table NSG Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure NSG Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table NSG Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table AGC Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table AGC Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table AGC Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table AGC Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table AGC Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure AGC Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table AGC Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table SAINT-GOBAIN Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Guardian Industries Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table PGW Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table PGW Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table PGW Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table PGW Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table PGW Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure PGW Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table PGW Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Asahi Glass Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table FUYAO Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table FUYAO Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table FUYAO Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table FUYAO Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table FUYAO Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure FUYAO Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table FUYAO Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table XINYI Glass Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Shanghai Yaohua Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table Pilkington Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Pilkington Automobile Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Pilkington Automobile Glass Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Pilkington Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Pilkington Automobile Glass Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Pilkington Automobile Glass Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Pilkington Automobile Glass Main Business and Markets Served
Table Shanxi Lihu Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Guangzhou Dongxu Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table BSG Auto Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Taiwan Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Compagnie De Saint Gobain Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Nippon Sheet Glass Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Table Pittsburgh Glass Works Automobile Glass Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Automobile Glass Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Automobile Glass Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Automobile Glass Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Automobile Glass Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Automobile Glass Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Automobile Glass by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Automobile Glass by Application (2019-2025)
Table Automobile Glass Distributors List
Table Automobile Glass Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
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