Impact Analysis of Covid-19
The complete version of the REPORT will include the impact of the COVID-19, and anticipated change on the future outlook of the industry, by taking into the account the political, economic, social, and technological parameters.
Summary
The global automotive resistors market is expected to witness a CAGR of xx% over the forecast period 2020-2026 and is expected to reach US$ xx million in 2026, from US$ xx million in 2019.
The automotive resistors market report highlights product development and growth strategies such as merger and acquisition adopted by market players along with SWOT Analysis, PEST and Porter’s Five Forces analyses of the automotive resistors market, which highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and commination of key companies. Moreover, the report offers two distinct market forecasts, one from the perspective of the producer and another from that of the consumer.
The various contributors involved in the value chain of the product include manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, intermediaries, and customers.
The Key Manufacturers covered in this Report:-
- Vishay
- Bourns
- KOA Speer Electronics
- Yageo
- ROHM
- Panasonic
- Littelfuse
- AVX
- CTS
- BWD Automotive
- Hokuriku
- Nikkohm
- Ohizumi
- EPCOS/TDK
By the Product Type, the market is primarily segmented into:
- Shunt Resistors
- Voltage Limiting Resistors
- Other
By Applications, the market is segmented into:
- Commercial Vehicles
- Passenger Vehicles
The Report covers the following Regions:
- North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- India
- Australia
- Indonesia
- Thailand
- Malaysia
- Philippines
- Vietnam
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- UK
- Italy
- Russia
- Central & South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- GCC Countries
- Egypt
- South Africa
Objective of the automotive resistors market Report:
- To assess the size of the market by value and volume
- Analyze the automotive resistors market in terms of regions and major countries
- Highlight recent developments and trends in the market
- Offer perceptive data regarding major market players in terms of key developments, strategies, and product portfolio
- Determine share of the automotive resistors market in terms of various segments such as by product type, application, and end-user
- Offer accurate projection of the market for the forecast period using state-of –the-art tools and the current primary and secondary research approaches
- Discuss major factors that impact growth of the automotive resistors market
The automotive resistors market engages the readers with all pivotal approaches to understand their position in the industry based on revenue or sales growth. The report efficiently evaluates the automotive resistors market from various dimensions to deliver an end-product that is informative, elaborate, and accurate and includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competition in the market. The information in the report is backed by annual company reports, financial reports, press releases, regulatory databases, government documents, and statistical databases.
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2019 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders:
- Material suppliers/wholesalers
- Market Distributors/traders
- Regulatory bodies
- Research organizations, and consulting firms
- Commercial research & developments (R&D)
- Trade associations and industry bodies
- Importers and exporters
- End-use industries
Available Customizations:
Custom research is one of the most crucial components of the business strategy that helps an organization gain insight into specific business sector, aligned with its specific area of interest. Thus, SMI offers more accurate, pragmatic, and actionable information specifically tailored to suit your business needs.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Automotive Resistors
1.1 Definition of Automotive Resistors
1.2 Automotive Resistors Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Shunt Resistors
1.2.3 Voltage Limiting Resistors
1.2.4 Other
1.3 Automotive Resistors Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Automotive Resistors Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Commercial Vehicles
1.3.3 Passenger Vehicles
1.4 Global Automotive Resistors Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Automotive Resistors Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Automotive Resistors Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Automotive Resistors Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Automotive Resistors Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Automotive Resistors Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Automotive Resistors Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Automotive Resistors Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automotive Resistors
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Resistors
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Automotive Resistors
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Automotive Resistors
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Automotive Resistors Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Automotive Resistors
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Automotive Resistors Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Automotive Resistors Revenue Analysis
4.3 Automotive Resistors Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Automotive Resistors Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Automotive Resistors Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Automotive Resistors Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Automotive Resistors Revenue by Regions
5.2 Automotive Resistors Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Automotive Resistors Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Automotive Resistors Production
5.3.2 North America Automotive Resistors Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Automotive Resistors Import and Export
5.4 Europe Automotive Resistors Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Automotive Resistors Production
5.4.2 Europe Automotive Resistors Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Automotive Resistors Import and Export
5.5 China Automotive Resistors Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Automotive Resistors Production
5.5.2 China Automotive Resistors Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Automotive Resistors Import and Export
5.6 Japan Automotive Resistors Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Automotive Resistors Production
5.6.2 Japan Automotive Resistors Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Automotive Resistors Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Import and Export
5.8 India Automotive Resistors Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Automotive Resistors Production
5.8.2 India Automotive Resistors Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Automotive Resistors Import and Export
6 Automotive Resistors Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Automotive Resistors Production by Type
6.2 Global Automotive Resistors Revenue by Type
6.3 Automotive Resistors Price by Type
7 Automotive Resistors Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Automotive Resistors Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Automotive Resistors Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Automotive Resistors Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Vishay
8.1.1 Vishay Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Vishay Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Vishay Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Bourns
8.2.1 Bourns Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Bourns Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Bourns Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 KOA Speer Electronics
8.3.1 KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 KOA Speer Electronics Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Yageo
8.4.1 Yageo Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Yageo Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Yageo Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 ROHM
8.5.1 ROHM Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 ROHM Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 ROHM Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Panasonic
8.6.1 Panasonic Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Panasonic Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Panasonic Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Littelfuse
8.7.1 Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Littelfuse Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 AVX
8.8.1 AVX Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 AVX Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 AVX Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 CTS
8.9.1 CTS Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 CTS Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 CTS Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 BWD Automotive
8.10.1 BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 BWD Automotive Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Hokuriku
8.12 Nikkohm
8.13 Ohizumi
8.14 EPCOS/TDK
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Automotive Resistors Market
9.1 Global Automotive Resistors Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Automotive Resistors Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Automotive Resistors Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Automotive Resistors Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Automotive Resistors Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Automotive Resistors Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Automotive Resistors Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Automotive Resistors Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Automotive Resistors Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Automotive Resistors Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Automotive Resistors Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Table
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Automotive Resistors
Table Global Automotive Resistors Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Shunt Resistors Product Picture
Figure Voltage Limiting Resistors Product Picture
Figure Other Product Picture
Table Global Automotive Resistors Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Commercial Vehicles
Figure Passenger Vehicles
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Automotive Resistors Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Automotive Resistors Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Automotive Resistors Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Automotive Resistors Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Automotive Resistors Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Automotive Resistors Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automotive Resistors in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Resistors
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Automotive Resistors
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Automotive Resistors Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Automotive Resistors Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Automotive Resistors Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automotive Resistors Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automotive Resistors Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Automotive Resistors Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Automotive Resistors Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Automotive Resistors Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Automotive Resistors Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Automotive Resistors Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Automotive Resistors Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Automotive Resistors Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Automotive Resistors Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Automotive Resistors Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Automotive Resistors Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Automotive Resistors Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Automotive Resistors Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Automotive Resistors Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Automotive Resistors Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Automotive Resistors Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Automotive Resistors Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Vishay Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table Vishay Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Vishay Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Vishay Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Vishay Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Vishay Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Vishay Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table Bourns Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table Bourns Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Bourns Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Bourns Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Bourns Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Bourns Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Bourns Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table KOA Speer Electronics Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table Yageo Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table Yageo Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Yageo Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Yageo Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Yageo Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Yageo Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Yageo Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table ROHM Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table ROHM Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table ROHM Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ROHM Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ROHM Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure ROHM Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table ROHM Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table Panasonic Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table Panasonic Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Panasonic Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Panasonic Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Littelfuse Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table AVX Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table AVX Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table AVX Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table AVX Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table AVX Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure AVX Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table AVX Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table CTS Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table CTS Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table CTS Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CTS Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CTS Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure CTS Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table CTS Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table BWD Automotive Automotive Resistors Main Business and Markets Served
Table Hokuriku Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table Nikkohm Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ohizumi Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Table EPCOS/TDK Automotive Resistors Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Automotive Resistors Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Automotive Resistors Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Resistors Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Automotive Resistors by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Automotive Resistors by Application (2019-2025)
Table Automotive Resistors Distributors List
Table Automotive Resistors Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
